Han Dynasty Military - The Han dynasty army was the military apparatus of China from 202 BC to 220 AD, with a brief interregnum under the reign of Wang Mang and his Jin dynasty from 9 AD to 23 AD, a war calendar of two years before the refoundation. of Han.
In the early Han dynasty, male commoners were liable to conscription from ages 23 to 56. After 155 BC the minimum age was lowered to 20, briefly raised to 23 under Emperor Zhao of Han. (r. 87–74 BC), but later reverted to 20 Some inmates may choose to commute their service by serving across the border. Conscripts trained for one year served another year as border guards, in a province or in the capital. A relatively small minority of these forces also served in the Northern Cavalry Division, which was mostly made up of volunteers from high-ranking families, or from the southern naval forces.
Han Dynasty Military
The force was trained to position themselves five meters deep, but actual battlefield practice was flexible, with some commanders preferring ranks up to 10 meters deep.
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Implementing day-to-day best practices also relied heavily on each individual commander, with some like Li Guang avoiding administrative details, while Chg Buji always kept his m in shape.
After completing their two years of service, the detainees were released. During the Western Han period, freed conscripts could still be called up for training once a year, but this practice was discontinued after AD 30.
Some nobles were exempted from military conscription. Ranks four through eight are not required to serve in their region, and ranks 9 and above enjoy full exemptions.
Garrison troops and armies in provinces and frontiers were often professional or semi-professional military settlers. These soldiers were posted at the border and served in the army for the allocation of land. This land was often on the frontier and soldiers and retired soldiers created a self-sustaining system where they could farm the land producing food that fed their armies and the local population.
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The difference between military colonies and agricultural colonies is that the former provided grain in addition to regular military service, while the latter provided only grain and/or taxes.
The efficiency of these garrisons is held to a high professional standard. The authorities have settled the disputes between the services that can plead for the recovery of debts. Accurate records were kept of daily work in company order rooms, on which m was measured; preparing, sending and receiving official mail; General archery tests to which officers are subjected; and reports from inspectors on the efficiency of sites and equipment. Accurate punctuality is a feature of lifetime, for example, in mail delivery schedule records; observation of common signs; and the passage of people through checkpoints. Likewise, careful accounts were kept of the public treasury and the distribution of supplies; Payments made for officers' salaries or for the purchase of supplies such as glue, grease or cloth; m and their families named rations of grain and salt; Receipt of equipment and clothing by m; and equipment, weapons and horses were entrusted to the care of the units. [10] — Twitchett & Michael Lowe
During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, people of lower prestige and/or lower economic class initially enlisted joined the military in order to improve their social and economic status. This created another class of professional or semi-professional troops which numbered at least 150,000 soldiers by 97 BC.
From a longer historical perspective, the rise of a professional army under Han Wu-ti changed the social perception of the soldier (and the army). Han military officers and elites became an influential power group in the government, while much of the Han military base were the "lower elements" of Han society. For example, during the campaigns of 111, 104 and 97 BC. AD, more than 130,000 parolees and pardoned felons, juvenile delinquents, hoodlums, and men of ill repute and undesirable social status were conscripted into the military to perform various tasks. It is clear that if these m had survived, they would have remained in the army after the campaigns and would have become "professional" soldiers. Combined with similar elements in other campaigns such as the Southern Yue and Southwestern Conquests 1 and Korea in 109 BC, the Han army had at least 150,000 soldiers in its professional ranks by 97 BC JC. And there is no indication in Han dynasty sources that the army ever reverted from a mere social station (liang-min) to a rotating force of soldiers; The conscription system was replaced by a professional army. In any case, 150,000 m is a substantial part of the Han standing army from 500,000 to 600,000 m, then 600,000 to 700,000, large enough to change the general perception and image of the Han army . Among the people. The army was now a haven for the depressed social base and other undesirable elements of society, and military service was no longer compulsory.[11]- Chun-shu Chang.
The Qin Dynasty The Han Dynasty
The Army of the North was a formal professional force of full-time soldiers in existence since 180 BC. It originally consisted of eight regiments and about 8,000 troops, but was later reorganized into a smaller force of five regiments of 4,200 troops from AD 31–39. The five regiments were each commanded by a colonel: a colonel of garrison cavalry, a colonel of selected cavalry, a colonel of infantry, a colonel of Chang River and a colonel of archers. A cter captain inspects the northern army and its camps.
There was also a Southern Army in 138 BC, totaling 6,000 troops. However, soldiers come and go every year, so they are not considered a "permanent" professional force.
In AD 188, the "Western Guard Army" was created from the private forces of a set of warlords as a counterweight to the northern army.
According to Rafe de Crespigny, the total number of professional [official] soldiers in the Eastern Han, including all small groups, was about 20,000 soldiers.
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Neither the Qin nor Han armies had permanent generals or field commanders. They were selected from court officials on an ad hoc basis and appointed directly by the Emperor as required. Sometimes multiple generals were given control of expeditionary forces to prevent a general from gaining too much power and rebelling. A general's stipes are equal to or slightly lower than those of the nine ministers, but if a campaign fails, a general faces harsher penalties, such as execution. Small forces were commanded by a colonel (Xiaoyi).
According to Zhao Chonggo, who worked in the first century BC, 10,281 m of energy required 27,363 hu of grain and 308 hu of salt each month, requiring a convoy of 1,500 wagons for transportation. One hu equals 19.968 liters, which means that each soldier needs 51.9 liters of grain and 0.6 liters of salt per month. Another document in Zhuan refers to 3.2 hu or 63.8 liters of grain.
When imperial power collapsed after 189 AD, military governors used their personal servants as troops. Due to the claimed chaos during the Three Kingdoms period, conscription was not necessary as the displaced were voluntarily drafted into the military for security reasons.
The end of the Han recruiting system led to the rise of a hereditary military class in the early Jin dynasty (266-420).
The Terracotta Army
The internal conflicts that dominate the Chinese sphere after 180 transform the economy and lead to new relations between the elite families and the agricultural population; They greatly weakened, but did not destroy, the centralized structure of imperial government. At the same time, they also saw the emergence of new forms of military service and military organization. The most important of these changes were the creation of a depdt, a hereditary military caste, clearly separated from the general population, a growing reliance on cavalry troops of non-Chinese, "barbarian" origin, and the development of extreme command structures. Power in the hands of local and regional military leaders. All of these developments were related to the rejection of the early Western Han military system based on universal service and temporary and temporary command arrangements.
Although the chariot began to lose popularity at the end of the Warring States period, it remained in use well into the Han era.
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